Chapter 1, "Program Background and Responsibilities," explains the basic role of certification and recertification in ensuring that healthcare providers meet the Medicare/Medicaid conditions of participation. It outlines CMS' role in the process, as well as the responsibilities of the state survey agencies.

Chapter 2, "The Certification Process," reviews the requirements for initial certifications, the rules for approval or denial, and procedures for reconsideration; issues involving change of ownership and voluntary terminations from Medicare; readmission criteria after involuntary terminations from Medicare or Medicaid; and timing requirements for resurveys.

Chapter 3, "Additional Program Activities," explains the rules involving adverse actions, including initial denials of Medicare provider requests for program participation and the basis for terminating provider participation; the role of documentary evidence in determining noncompliance, and documentation and notice requirements for terminations; the procedures for reconsideration, hearings, and appeals; and the impact of changes in provider status or services, including the requirements for distinct-part certifications for skilled nursing facilities, changes in designated bed sizes/locations, and changes in ownership.

Chapter 4, "Program Administration and Fiscal Management," explains the core roles and responsibilities of the federal government and the state survey agencies throughout the survey-and-certification process. For example, this chapter includes information about the Quality Indicator Survey training process for surveyors, as well as federal minimum qualification standards for surveyors. Other sections cover the deeming and waiver of nurse aide training and competency evaluation requirements, as well as curriculum requirements for those programs; nurse aide registries; and Resident Assessment Instrument specifications, including state-specified RAI requirements.

Chapter 5, "Complaint Procedures," reviews the purpose of the complaint/incident process; how state agencies should manage the intake of complaints; how state agencies should prioritize complaints as immediate jeopardy—high, medium, or low, administrative review/offsite investigation, referral—immediate or other, or no action necessary; and maximum time frames for onsite investigations. Specific sections related to nursing homes include: investigation of complaints for nursing homes; action on complaints of resident neglect and abuse, and misappropriation of resident property; reporting findings of abuse, neglect, or misappropriation of property to the nurse aide registry; reporting abuse to law enforcement and the Medicaid fraud control unit; and post-survey certification actions for nursing homes.

Chapter 7, "Survey and Enforcement Process for Skilled Nursing Facilities and Nursing Facilities," is the core "how to" chapter of the State Operations Manual for nursing home surveys and enforcement actions by state agencies. The chapter opens with definitions of a skilled nursing facility and a nursing facility, and explains special waivers that may apply to SNFs and NFs, such as a waiver of the seven-day RN Requirement for SNFs. In addition, this chapter covers:

The survey process. Topics in these sections include but are not limited to:

• The size and composition of the survey team, as well as survey frequency and timing;
• The survey protocol for different survey types, including initial certifications, resurveys, abbreviated standard surveys, and state monitoring visits;
• The rules for substandard quality of care and extended and partial extended surveys;
• Informal dispute resolution and independent informal dispute resolution;
• Actions to be taken when a facility is not in substantial compliance, including when immediate jeopardy exists;
• Provider appeal of a certification of noncompliance;
• Acceptable plans of correction;
• State survey agency notice requirements in various scenarios;
• Enforcement actions and appropriate timing of those actions when immediate jeopardy exists or does not exist; and
• The rules for readmitting a SNF or dually participating facility to Medicare or Medicaid after termination.

The enforcement process. Topics in these sections include but are not limited to:

• A listing of potential enforcement remedies and mandatory enforcement remedies;
• Factors surveyors should use when selecting remedies; and
• Life Safety Code enforcement guidelines.

Remedies. Topics in these sections include but are not limited to:

• A directed plan of correction;
• Directed inservice training;
• State monitoring;
• Denial of payment for all New Medicare and Medicaid admissions; and
• Denial of payment for all Medicare and Medicaid residents.

Civil money penalties. Topics in these sections include but are not limited to:

• How the amount of a CMP should be determined;
• The duration of a CMP;
• When a CMP is due and payable;
• The rules for temporary management; and
• Termination procedures when a facility isn't in substantial compliance.

Program management. Topics in these sections include but are not limited to:

• Consistency of state survey results;
• State/federal disagreements about timing and choice of remedies; and
• Nurse aide training and competency evaluation program and competency evaluation program disapprovals.

Disclosure. Topics in these sections include but are not limited to:

• Time periods for disclosing SNF/NF information;
• Information that must be given to the long-term care ombudsman; and
• Information that must be furnished to the state by facilities with substandard quality of care.

Appendix I, "Survey Procedures for Life Safety Code Surveys," reviews the six survey tasks for surveyors during a life safety code survey: offsite survey preparation, entrance conference/onsite preparation, orientation tour, information gathering, information analysis and decision-making, and the exit conference. This section also addresses complaint investigations and survey revisits.

Appendix P, "Survey Protocol for Long-term Care Facilities – Part I," spells out the exact survey process for the two types of standard survey: the Quality Indicator Survey (QIS) and the traditional survey. QIS topics include the QIS standard survey, the QIS extended survey, the QIS post-survey revisit, and QIS complaint survey procedures.

Traditional survey sections review all seven surveyor tasks:

1. Offsite survey preparation;
2. Entrance conference/onsite preparatory activities;
3. Initial tour;
4. Sample selection;
5. Information gathering, including general observations, kitchen/food service observation, resident review, quality-of-life assessment, medication pass and pharmacy services, quality assessment and assurance review, and abuse prohibition review;
6. Information analysis for deficiency determination; and
7. Exit conference.

Other traditional survey topics include the traditional extended survey and partial extended survey; the traditional post survey revisit; the traditional abbreviated standard survey; complaint investigations; substantial changes in a facility's organization and management; writing the statement of deficiencies; deficiency categorization; confidentiality and respect for resident privacy; and information transfer.

Appendix PP, "Guidance to Surveyors for Long-term Care Facilities," contains the relevant sections of the Code of Federal Regulations (42 CFR 483), the corresponding F-tags (F150 - F522), and the interpretive guidelines that surveyors are expected to use in assessing nursing facility compliance with the Medicare/Medicaid conditions of participation. These instructions cover the full range of operational, physical plant, and quality issues that surveyors assess. For example, sections include:

• Resident rights, including but not limited to telephone, mail, personal property, and discharge rights;
• Resident behavior and facility practices, including but not limited to restraints and staff treatment of residents;
• Quality of life, including but not limited to dignity, activities, and social services;
• Resident assessment, including but not limited to admission orders, comprehensive assessment, coordination, penalty for falsification, and discharge summary;
• Quality of care, including but not limited to activities of daily living, urinary incontinence, nutrition, hydration, and unnecessary drugs;
• Nursing services, including but not limited to sufficient staff and registered nurses;
• Dietary services, including but not limited to staffing, therapeutic diets, assistive devices, and paid feeding assistants;
• Physician services, including but not limited to physician supervision, physician visits, and physician delegation of tasks in SNFs;
• Specialized rehabilitative services;
• Dental services;
• Pharmacy services, including but not limited to drug regimen review;
• Infection control, including but not limited to linens;
• Physical environment, including but not limited to emergency power and the resident call system; and
• Administration, including but not limited to licensure, required training of nurse aides, medical director, and disaster and emergency preparedness.

Please note, the Advance Copy Revisions to State Operations Manual (SOM), Appendix PP-Revised Regulations and Tags was released on November 9, 2016.

Appendix Q, "Guidelines for Determining Immediate Jeopardy," provides surveyors with detailed steps for determining whether an immediate jeopardy exists. These instructions include triggers for further review, examples of immediate jeopardy, and procedures to follow when immediate jeopardy is cited.